# NAD+ References: Cited Studies and Sources | NAD+ Digest

> NAD+ references: the full cited source list behind this research digest — randomized trials, mechanism reviews and preclinical studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these published studies, listed with journal, year, DOI and PubMed link.

## How to read this list

This digest summarizes published research on NAD+ and its precursors. The studies below are the sources behind the figures cited across the site — the human randomized trials of NMN and NR, the mechanism reviews of NAD+ metabolism and the consuming enzymes, the human-tissue aging data, and the preclinical metabolic and inflammation work. Inline markers like [4] correspond to the numbered entries here. Each entry carries a DOI and a PubMed link so any claim can be checked at the source. Where a study is preclinical (rodent or in-vitro), the digest labels it as such rather than presenting it as human evidence.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Imai S, Guarente L. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;24(8):464-471. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24786309/
[7] Massudi H, Grant R, Braidy N, Guest J, Farnsworth B, Guillemin GJ. Age-associated changes in oxidative stress and NAD+ metabolism in human tissue. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22848760/
[8] Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29249689/
[9] Bhasin S, Seals D, Migaud M, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(6):1047-1073. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37364580/
[10] McReynolds MR, Chellappa K, Baur JA. Age-related NAD+ decline. Exp Gerontol. 2020;134:110888. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32097708/
[11] Shim DW, Cho HJ, Hwang I, Jung TY, Kim HS, Ryu JH, Yu JW. Intracellular NAD+ Depletion Confers a Priming Signal for NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:765477. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34987507/
[12] Cameron AM, Castoldi A, Sanin DE, et al. Inflammatory macrophage dependence on NAD+ salvage is a consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(4):420-432. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30858618/
[13] Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD+ in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014;23:27-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25283336/
[14] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[15] Wang C, Chen Q, Chen S, et al. Serine synthesis sustains macrophage IL-1β production via NAD+-dependent protein acetylation. Mol Cell. 2024;84(4):744-759. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38266638/

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An orbital reading of the NAD+ literature — the coenzyme at the core, its precursors NMN and NR held apart from the molecule itself, and the human, rodent and gap evidence each logged to source; no clinic behind the console and nothing here infused, dispensed or sold.